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CONTRACEPTION

An alarming raise of population lead to the idea of family planning and control birth rate which is feasible by contraceptive methods. An ideal contraceptive should be 
  • User friendly.
  • Effective.
  • Least side effects.
  • Reversible.
  • It should no way interfere with the sexual drive of the user.
At present a wide range of contraceptive methods are being used like
       1. Natural/Traditional: This works on avoiding the natural meeting of sperm and ovum.All though the natural method of contraception has no side effects but it is not much effective.The different natural methods we have are:
  • Periodic  abstinence: The 10-17th day of mentrual cycle is a fertile period as there is a high chance of fertilization.Hence, the couple avoid coitus to prevent conception.
  • Withdrawl/coitus interuption: To prevent ejaculation the male withdrawls his penis from the vagina of the women to avoid insemination.
  • lactational amenorrhea: The intense laction during the post parturition will result no ovulation and menstrual cycle for 6 months hence the chance of conception is nill.

      2. Barrier methods: Barriers are used to avoid physical meet of ovum and sperm.
  • Condoms: These barriers are made up of rubber/latex sheath which covers the penis of the male and cervix of the female and avoids the entry of sperms into the female reproductive tract. These are disposable and can be self inserted by the user. Among all the condoms NIRODH is a popular brand of condom for male. The use of condoms has been effectively increasing because of its additional benifit to the user by preventing most deadliest diseases like AIDS and other STD's.
  • Diaphragms/cervical caps/vaults: Females use these kind of barriers with additional spremicidal jellies and creams to increase the effectiveness of contraception and blocks the sperms entry into the cervix.

       3. Intrauterine Devices (IUD's): IUD's are more
effective which increases the phagositosis of sperms and one of the most widely accepted method in India which are generally inserted into uterus through vagina by expert doctors or nurses.

  IUD's include:

  • Non medicated IUD's: It includes lippes loop which produce a sterile inflammatory response by producing a tissue injury of minor degree and just sufficient enough to be spermicidal.
  • Copper releasing IUD's: It includes CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375 which basically releases copper ions into the uterus of the female reproductive tract which promotes the supressing power of sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms.
  • Hormone releasing IUD's: Hormones like Progestasert, LNG-20 are used in these kind of IUD's which makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation and makes the cervix hostile to sperms.
      4. Oral contraceptive method: Oral administration of Progestasert or combination of progesterone-estrogen in the form of pills are been taken. Pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting preferably within the first five days of menstrual cycle. After a gap of 7 days (during which menstruation occurs) it has to be repeated in the same pattern till the female desires to prevent conception. 

      5. Implants: Progesterone or combination with estrogen are used in implants which are kept below the skin which makes the cervical mucous thick and thins the lining of the uterus. 

      6. Surgical methods: This method is an irreversible method, which has poor reversibility. It includes:
  • Vasectomy: The vas deference of male reproductive system are cut and tied to prevent the passage of sperms from testis to ejaculatory duct.
  • Tubectomy: The fallapion tubes of female reproductive system are cut and tied which prevents the entry of sperms into fallopian tube and passage of ovum into the uterus which prevents the fertilisation.



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